法律翻译干货：句子结构、标准和基本要求和长难句切分法
结构复杂，文词冗长
被动语态和名词化结构
此特点行成的原因：
法律规定和合同条款的表述刻意追求精确严密
拟定规定和条款，最主要的是确立主题事项，有时还必须顾及实施的依据、前提、条件、假设、例外情况等，所以借助相应的状语修饰语
法律文件最突出的特点是客观公正，不带主观色彩，因而句子中较少出现人称主语，更多的是被动语态和名词化结构。
举例：
If, after the signing of this Agreement, the Chinese government either at the State, provincial, municipal or local level adopts any new law, regulation, decree or rule, amends or repeals any provision of any law, regulation, decree or rule, or adopts any different interpretation or method of implementation of any law, regulation，decree or rule, which contravenes this Agreement or which materially and adversely affects a Party’s economic benefit under this Agreement, then upon written notice thereof from the affected party to the other Party, the Party shall promptly consult and decide whether（i）to continue to implement the Agreement in accordance with the original provisions thereof as per the relevant provisions of the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China; or（ii）to effectuate necessary adjustments in order to preserve each Party’s economic benefit under this Agreement on a basis no less favorable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted，amended，repealed or so Interpreted or implemented.
被动语态和名词化结构：文学作品中，多用主东语态以增强表现力度和动感。但是法律文件，与之截然不同。
法律文件旨在对人们的行为做出法律规定，规范各种经济活动，强调的不是某一个人，强调的是行为。所以，把动词转化为抽象化的名词和使用被动语态恰恰适合法律英语庄重刻板的文体特点。举例：
Unless otherwise provided for herein, failure or delay on the part of any party to exercise any right, power or privilege under this Agreement shall not operate as a waiver thereof, not shall any single or partial exercise of any right，power or privilege preclude further exercise thereof or exercise of any other right, power or privilege．A waiver by one of the parties at any time of a breach of any term or provision of this Agreement committed by the other party shall not be construed as a waiver by such party of any subsequent breach to be committed by the other party, nor shall it be construed as a waiver by such party of its rights under such provision or any of its other rights under this Agreement.
上面的这条合同条款中，有这样一些源自动词的抽象化名词，如：failure, delay, waiver, exercise, breach；被动结构则有 unless otherwise, provided for herein, shall not be construed as 等。
忠实通顺（任何文字翻译都要求)
符合法律语言的问题风格
直译（严格按原文的词句翻译）是最可取的
对法律文件的每一个词（包括虚词）都不能掉以轻心。即使是at,in,on
弄清句子各个成分之间的相互关系，讲英语翻译成符合汉语表达习惯的文字。
举例：Party A represents and warrants that there are no conditions at, on, under, or related to, the real property constituting all or any portion of the Land which presently or potentially pose a hazard to human health or the environment, whether or not in compliance with law and there has been no manufacture, use, treatment, storage, transportation, or disposal of any hazardous or toxic substance, pollutant, or contaminant on the Land nor any release of any hazardous or toxic substance, pollutant, or contaminant into or upon or over the Land. （注意at,in,on 表示的不同含义）
一定的法律和经济方面的知识
勤查经济、法律工具书
文字精确、凝练
高度的责任心和敬业精神
本公众号推出的语法基础班，采用独特的切分法把玩长难句。为了体现思考过程，所以保留长难句切分的不同颜色标记。各位眼花莫怪。
Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party’s prior written consent, except to (i) any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization involving the assigning Party, and (ii) any entity to which the assigning Party may transfer all or substantially all of its assets; provided that the assignee agrees in writing to be bound by all the terms and conditions of this Agreement and provides documentation as evidence that the assignee has the ability and capability of meeting all of the obligations under this Agreement.
标准：任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意，不得转让本协议的全部或部分，除非转让给（i)涉及转让方的因兼并、合并或其它重组而产生的 任何公司；（ii)转让方可以向其转让全部或绝大部分资产的实体；但受让方须书面同意受本协议所有条款和条件的约束，并提供文件证明受让方有资格、有能力履行本协议项下的全部义务。
句子结构
1.状语的位置灵活，中文表达要符合习惯
2.Transfer all or substantially all 全部或绝大部分（转让）
3. Has the ability and capability to 有能力、有资格
4.Provide documentation as evidence that 顺着翻就是提供能作为...证明的文件 evidence N→V (名词作动词) 翻译成→ 提供文件证明
Q：merger, consolidation or other reorganization对应的翻译？
兼并、合并或其它重组
Q：这三者之间的关系大家清楚吗？
合并 （Consolidation）指两个或更多企业组合在一起 ，原有所有企业都不以法律实体形式存在，而建立一个新的公司。如将A公司与B公司合并成为C公司。但根据 1 994年 7月 1日生效的《中华人民共和国公司法》的规定，公司合并可分为吸收合并和新设合并两种形式。一个公司吸收其他公司为吸收合并 ，被吸收的公司解散 ；两个以上公司合并设立一个新的公司为新设合并，合并各方解散。吸收合并类似于“Merger” ，而新设合并则类似于“Consolidation”。因此 ，从广义上说 ，合并包括兼并。
兼并 （Merger）。指两个或更多企业组合在一起 ，其中一个企业保持其原有名称 ，而其他企业不再以法律实体形式存在。如财政部1 996年 8月 2 4日颁发《企业兼并有关财务问题的暂行规定》中指出 ，兼并是指一个企业通过购买等有偿方式取得其他企业的产权，使其失去法人资格或虽保留法人资格但变更投资主体的一种行为。
Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party. However, Party B shall have the right to assign its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities hereunder to an affiliate; provided that Party B shall continue to warrant that such affiliate will complete the purchase of the equity interest in the manner contemplated by this Agreement.
标准：任何一方未经事先书面批准，不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给任何第三方。但乙方有权将其在本协议项下的权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给一家关联公司，但是乙方应继续保证该关联公司将以本协议拟定的方式完成对股权的购买。
Without/no 否定意义的词 neither...
in the manner contemplated by this Agreement以本协议拟定的方式
Affiliate附属公司；联号；联营公司；子公司；分支机构如果一个公司的股份部分或全部地由另一公司持有，前者即为后者的附属公司或子公司，后者即为前者的控股公司或母公司，相对于该控股公司的其它附属公司而言，上述附属公司与其它附属公司称为联号。当一个公司只拥有另一个公司的少数具有表决权的股份时，这两家公司为联营公司。在美国，该术语在不同法律中具体含义有所差别：
１在1933年《银行法》〔Banking Act〕中，是指由银行通过控股而拥有或控制的任何机构；或由银行股东所有的任何机构；或有其管理人员在银行出任董事的任何机构；
２在《国内税收法典》〔Internal Revenue Code〕中，是指为达到纳税收入一体化目的，而由拥有共同的母公司或控股公司的许多附属公司或子公司组成的联号集团，这些公司的母公司或其他控股公司拥有的无表决权股票数不得低于80%(优先股除外)；
３在《投资公司法》〔Investment Company Act〕中，是指直接或间接拥有5%或5%以上已发售的具有表决权股票之所有权的公司。 v.具有紧密联系；使隶属于；使成为成员
subsidiary n.子公司 全部股份或大部分股份为另一公司(母公司〔parent〕)所有，因而受控的子公司，是subsidiary corporation的简称。 a.从属的；次要的；由他人控制的
4)Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interest hereunder without the other Party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. Notwithstanding the above provision of this Clause, (a) Party A shall have the right to assign its rights to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity as long as Party A remains liable to perform all of its obligations under this Agreement as applicable, and (b) Party B may, without the consent of Party A, assign in whole , but not in part, its rights hereunder to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity of Party B or its ultimate parent company (provided that any such assignment to any such subsidiary shall not be deemed as a release of Party B’s obligations hereunder unless Party A shall have given prior written consent to any such release and Party B shall remain liable to Party A in respect of any breach of this Clause). Any attempted assignment in contravention of this Clause shall be void.
标准：Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interest hereunder without the other Party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld.
本协议任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意（该另一方不得无理拒绝同意），不得转让本协议或其在本协议项下的任何权利和权益。
Notwithstanding the above provision of this Clause, (a) Party A shall have the right to assign its rights to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity as long as Party A remains liable to perform all of its obligations under this Agreement as applicable,
尽管本条有上述规定，但（a)甲方有权将其权利让与任何子公司、关联公司或继承实体，只要在适当的情况下，甲方仍有责任履行其在本协议项 下的全部义务；
and (b) Party B may, without the consent of Party A, assign in whole , but not in part, its rights hereunder to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity of Party B or its ultimate parent company (provided that any such assignment to any such subsidiary shall not be deemed as a release of Party B’s obligations hereunder unless Party A shall have given prior written consent to any such release and Party B shall remain liable to Party A in respect of any breach of this Clause). Any attempted assignment in contravention of this Clause shall be void.
（b)乙方可以无须经甲方同意，将其在本协议项下的全 部（而不是部分）权利让与乙方的任何子公司、关联公司或继承实体或 其最终母公司（但是向任何该等子公司进行转让，不应被视为解除乙方 在本协议项下的义务，除非甲方已事先书面同意予以解除，且乙方若违 反本条规定仍须对甲方负有责任）。任何试图违反本条规定进行的转让均为无效。
5)Transfer of Registered Capital
注册资本的转让
1.Either Party may transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to the Company to any third party, provided that it first obtains the unanimous approval of the Board and the approval of the Approval Authority and complies with the provisions of this Article.
标准：任何一方均可将其在公司注册资本中的全部和部分出资转让给任 何第三方，但该等转让首先须经董事会一致通过及审批机构的批准，并符合本条的规定。
2.When a Party (the “Disposing Party”) wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice (the “Notice”) to the other Party (the “Non-Disposing Party”). The Notice shall state that the Disposing Party wishes to make the transfer and shall specify the interest it wishes to transfer, the terms and conditions of the transfer, and the identity of the proposed transferee (the“Transferee”).
标准：一方（“转让方”）欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三 方时，应向另一方（“非转让方”）提供书面通知（“通知”）。通知应表明转让方与转让其出资，明确欲转让的股权、转让的条款和条件及受让人（“受让人”）的身份。
3.The Non-Disposing Party shall have a preemptive right to purchase the whole of such interest (i) on terms and conditions no less favorable than those specified in the Notice or (ii) at a fair market value appraised as set forth in paragraph (e). If the Non-Disposing Party elects to exercise it preemptive right, it shall notify the Disposing Party in writing (the “Acceptance Notice”) within thirty (30) days of the actual delivery of the Notice to the Non-Disposing Party that it intends to purchase whole of the interest to be transferred.
标准：非转让方有优先权，（I)按不逊于通知规定的条款和条件或（11) 按（e)段规定，以经评估的公平市价购买全部该等股权。如果非转让方决定行使优先权，应在转让方向非转让方实际送交通知后三十天（30) 天内，以书面形式通知转让方（“接受通知”），表明其有意购买拟转让 的全部股权。
4.If the Non-Disposing Party fails to respond in writing to the Notice within such thirty (30)-day period, the Non-Disposing Party shall be deemed to have consented to the transfer. If the Non-Disposing Party consents, or is deemed to have consented to the transfer, the Disposing Party may transfer such interest to the Transferee, on the terms and conditions set forth in the Notice, but not otherwise, provided that such transfer takes place within six（6)months after the delivery of the Notice and that the Transferee agrees in writing 【to become subject to and to comply with】the terms and conditions of this Contract and the Articles of Association. The Disposing Party shall provide the Non-Disposing Party with a duplicate of its executed transfer agreement with the Transferee 【within fourteen (14) days after the agreement is executed.】
标准：如果在上述的三十（30)天内非转让方未能做出书面回应，即被认为是业已同意转让。如果非转让方同意，或被视为同意转让，转让方 只可按通知规定的（而不是其他的）条款和条件将该等股权向受让人转 让，但转让须在通知送达的六个月（6)内进行，且受让方须书面同意 服从和遵守本合同和章程的条款和条件。转让方须在与受让人签署转让 协议后的十四天（14)内向非转让方提供经其签署的转让协议的副本。
注意：词性变换 ，表达地道
小词:
Contribution:.(1)分摊(额)；分担(额) 指负有责任的几人中任一人应当承担的份额。
Approval 语境不同，中文表达差异
如 1.获董事会一致同意；2.获审批机构一致批准
Comply with 1. 遵守本规定；2.符合本规定
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